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Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a chromatographic technique for separating mixture components that uses a thin stationary phase supported by an inert backing. It can be done on an analytical scale to track the development of a reaction, or on a preparative scale to purify small amounts of a product. TLC is a popular analytical tool because of its simplicity, low cost, great sensitivity, and rapidity of separation. TLC works on the same concept as all chromatography: a molecule has varying affinities for the mobile and stationary phases, which affects the rate at which it migrates.

Silicon compounds are the most abundant component of the Earth's crust. Sand is the primary source of silicon due to its abundance, simplicity of mining, and processing. Quartzite, a metamorphic rock, is another potential source. Silicon (Si) is classified as semi-metallic or metalloid since it has certain metallic qualities. Silica gel was first discovered in the 1640s as a scientific curiosity. During World War I, it was used to absorb vapors and gases from gas mask canisters. Walter A.

The Relative Response Factor (RRF) is an analytical measure used in chromatographic processes to monitor impurities/degradants in drug substances and drug products. RRF is utilized to compensate for the disparity in detector response of contaminants vs. analyte peak. It is established using the slope approach with a linear range of solutions. 

Process-related impurities are undesirable substances found in biopharmaceutical samples. These chemicals can be cell substrates, come from the production process (e.g., nutritional medium, initiators of protein production and selection, chemicals utilized in further purification), or be the result of chemical alterations to the product.

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) is a common and successful technique that uses the magnetic properties of individual nuclei. When exposed to an external magnetic field, some nuclei exhibit distinct nuclear spin states, which is the underlying premise of NMR. NMR identifies transitions between spin states specific to the nuclei in issue, as well as their chemical surroundings. However, this only applies to nuclei with spins other than zero; nuclei with spins equal to zero are 'invisible' to NMR spectroscopy.

One analytical method for determining an ion's mass-to-charge ratio is mass spectrometry (MS). A mass spectrum, or a plot of intensity vs mass-to-charge ratio, is used to display the results. Mass spectrometry is applicable to both complicated mixtures and pristine samples in numerous fields. 

Drug storage is one of the pharmacist's most crucial responsibilities. As a result, suitable means for ensuring compliance with these responsibilities must be created and executed. 

It is a phenomenon in which two or more compounds share the same chemical formula but have different structural formula and properties. This is primarily due to variations in structural or spatial arrangements.

Types of Isomerism:

1. Structural Isomerism

2. Stereo Isomerism

Infrared spectroscopy is the study of how infrared light interacts with molecules. This can be assessed in three different ways: absorption, emission, and reflection. This technique is most commonly employed in organic and inorganic chemistry. Chemists use it to identify functional groups in molecules. IR Spectroscopy measures the vibrations of atoms, which The IR transmitter continuously emits IR light, while the IR receiver constantly detects reflected light.

Inert gases are chemically inactive and will not react with many things. Inert gases are utilized for a variety of applications throughout sectors, including welding, chemical processing, and filler gases in light sources. They are: helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon.