Pharmacodynamics

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Pharmacodynamics is the branch of pharmacology that studies how drugs affect the body, focusing on their mechanisms of action at the molecular and cellular levels.

Glucose

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Glucose is a simple sugar (C₆H₁₂O₆) that provides the main source of energy for the body, especially the brain and muscles, by being broken down into ATP.

gastrointestinal

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The gastrointestinal (GI) system is the digestive system that breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and removes waste from the body. It plays a vital role in maintaining nutrition, energy, and overall health.

Anti-cancer

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Anti-cancer refers to substances, drugs, or treatments that prevent, slow, or destroy the growth and spread of cancer cells. Anti-cancer therapies include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, radiation therapy, and surgery, depending on the type and stage of cancer.

Heart rhythm

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Heart rhythm is the regular pattern of electrical impulses that controls the heartbeat, causing the heart to contract and pump blood throughout the body.

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

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Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a slow-growing blood cancer in which abnormal B lymphocytes accumulate in the blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissues. It mainly affects older adults and is managed with observation or targeted treatment depending on the stage and symptoms.

Enzymes

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Enzymes are biological catalysts, usually proteins, that accelerate chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed or permanently changed in the process.

Hypersensitivity

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Hypersensitivity is an overreaction of the immune system to harmless substances like drugs, causing allergic reactions such as rash, itching, swelling, or anaphylaxis.

Neuraminidase inhibitors

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Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) are antiviral medications used for the treatment and prevention of influenza A and B. They work by inhibiting the neuraminidase enzyme, preventing the release of new viral particles from infected cells and limiting viral spread. Common examples include oseltamivir (oral), zanamivir (inhaled), and peramivir (intravenous). When started early, these drugs can shorten the duration of symptoms by up to about 2.5 days.

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