Gastrointestinal

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The gastrointestinal (GI) system is the digestive system that breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and removes waste from the body. It plays a vital role in maintaining nutrition, energy, and overall health.

Anti-cancer

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Anti-cancer refers to substances, drugs, or treatments that prevent, slow, or destroy the growth and spread of cancer cells. Anti-cancer therapies include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, radiation therapy, and surgery, depending on the type and stage of cancer.

Heart rhythm

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Heart rhythm is the regular pattern of electrical impulses that controls the heartbeat, causing the heart to contract and pump blood throughout the body.

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

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Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a slow-growing blood cancer in which abnormal B lymphocytes accumulate in the blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissues. It mainly affects older adults and is managed with observation or targeted treatment depending on the stage and symptoms.

Hypersensitivity

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Hypersensitivity is an overreaction of the immune system to harmless substances like drugs, causing allergic reactions such as rash, itching, swelling, or anaphylaxis.

Enzymes

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Enzymes are biological catalysts, usually proteins, that accelerate chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed or permanently changed in the process.

Neuraminidase inhibitors

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Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) are antiviral medications used for the treatment and prevention of influenza A and B. They work by inhibiting the neuraminidase enzyme, preventing the release of new viral particles from infected cells and limiting viral spread. Common examples include oseltamivir (oral), zanamivir (inhaled), and peramivir (intravenous). When started early, these drugs can shorten the duration of symptoms by up to about 2.5 days.

Nitrosamine toxicants

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Nitrosamine toxicants are highly hazardous chemicals formed from reactions between nitrites and amines, commonly found in processed foods, tobacco smoke, and contaminated drugs, and they are dangerous because they damage DNA and increase the risk of cancer even at very low exposure levels.