A functional group is an atom or group of atoms inside a molecule that exhibits comparable chemical properties across several molecules. Even if the rest of the molecule is very different, certain functional groups behave in predictable ways.
Organic molecules vary widely in size, and while studying functional groups, we want to focus on the atoms involved. As a result, the abbreviation R is employed in certain cases.
Flash column chromatography is a type of chemical separation used to purify chemical mixtures. It is also known as flash purification because of its use as a purification procedure. It is also known as medium-pressure chromatography.
In chemistry, extraction is a procedure that involves separating a material from a matrix. Partition theory describes an equilibrium situation that occurs when a solute is distributed between two phases. There are two forms of extraction: liquid-liquid extraction (also known as solvent extraction) and solid-liquid extraction. Both extraction methods rely on the same principle: the separation of chemicals based on their relative solubility in two separate immiscible liquids or solid matter molecules.
The European Pharmacopoeia (Ph.Eur) is a pharmacopeia published by the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and Healthcare (EDQM) on behalf of the Council of Europe and all signatory nations to Treaty Number 050. The Ph.Eur supports public health through its monographs and general chapters, which develop and communicate scientifically valid criteria for assessing and controlling the quality of medicines and excipients. It was founded on July 22, 1964, when the Convention on the Development of a European Pharmacopeia became available for signature.
A Drug Master File (DMF) is a submission to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that contains critical information regarding the facilities, techniques, or materials used in the production, packaging, or storage of any human drug. Although filing a DMF is not necessary, the manufacturer may decide to do so. DMFs are often submitted to support an investigational new drug application (IND), a new drug application (NDA), an abbreviated new drug application (ANDA), another DMF, an export application, or a combination of these.
An impurity caused by a chemical change in the drug ingredient during manufacturing and/or storage of the drug product due to, for example, light, temperature, pH, water, or reactivity with an excipient and/or the immediate container-closure system.
A chromophore is a group of atoms and electrons in organic compounds which communicate with light to produce color. Chromophores exist within the molecule as a short conjugated system or a chain of atoms linked by alternating single and double bonds.
A buffer is a solution that can maintain its pH after the addition of acidic or basic components. It can neutralize modest amounts of additional acid or base, keeping the pH of the solution reasonably constant. This is critical for procedures and/or reactions that require precise and consistent pH levels. Buffer solutions have a functional pH range and capacity that determine how much acid/base can be neutralized before the pH changes, as well as how much it changes.
The European Medicines Agency (EMA) is an agency of the European Union (EU) that evaluates and regulates pharmaceutical goods. Prior to 2004, it was called the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (EMEA).The primary goal of the European Pharmaceuticals Agency (EMA) is to preserve and promote human and animal health by analyzing and monitoring pharmaceuticals across the European Union (EU) and the European Economic Area.
An abbreviated new drug application (ANDA) contains information submitted to the FDA for examination and possible approval of a generic drug product. Once approved, an application may produce and promote the generic drug product as a safe, effective, and less expensive alternative to the brand-name drug it references. It must prove that a proposed generic medicine is equivalent to an existing approved reference-listed drug (RLD) in terms of safety, efficacy, and quality.