Palonosetron is a second-generation, selective 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist used to prevent nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. It works by blocking serotonin receptors in the gut and central nervous system, effectively controlling both acute and delayed emesis. Developed in the late 1990s and approved by the FDA in 2003, palonosetron has a longer half-life and higher receptor affinity than first-generation 5-HT₃ antagonists like ondansetron, allowing for single-dose administration and prolonged antiemetic effects. Its introduction represented a significant advancement in supportive care, improving patient comfort and compliance during cancer treatment and surgical procedures.
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