Modafinil is a wakefulness-promoting agent used mainly to treat sleep disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea, and shift work sleep disorder. It enhances alertness and cognitive function without the strong stimulant effects seen with traditional amphetamines. Modafinil works by influencing neurotransmitters involved in sleep–wake regulation, including dopamine, norepinephrine, and histamine. The drug was originally developed in France during the late 1970s while researching compounds to improve vigilance. Its precursor, adrafinil, led to the discovery of modafinil as the active metabolite. Modafinil was introduced clinically in the 1990s after demonstrating improved efficacy and safety. It gained widespread acceptance due to its lower potential for dependence. Over time, it has also been studied for off-label uses such as cognitive enhancement. Regulatory approval in several countries expanded its global use. Today, modafinil remains a key therapy for managing excessive daytime sleepiness.
