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Latanoprost is an eye drug that is used to reduce intraocular pressure in people with glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Glaucoma is an eye illness that damages the optic nerve and it decreases the vision. Ocular hypertension is elevated pressure in the eye caused by inadequate aqueous humor outflow. It is well tolerated, and it does not typically cause systemic side effects like other medicines used to treat increased intraocular pressure, such as Timolol. Another advantage of latanoprost is that it can be administered once a day. It works by boosting the normal flow of fluids from within the eye into the circulation. This reduces the pressure within the eye and prevents vision from deteriorating. It was first approved by the FDA in 1998.
BRAND NAMES:
Xalatan – It contains the active ingredients of latanoprost. It is available as an ophthalmic solution used to treat ocular hypertension.
Lyuzeh – It contains the active ingredients of latanoprost. It is available in the form of ophthalmic solutions used to treat lower pressure in the eye.
Xelpros – It contains the active ingredient of latanoprost. It is available as an ophthalmic eye emulsion used to treat ocular hypertension.
Rocklatan – It contains the active ingredients of latanoprost and netarsudil. It is available as an ophthalmic solution used to treat ocular hypertension.
MECHANISM OF ACTION:
Latanoprost specifically activates the prostaglandin F2 alpha receptor, resulting in lowered intraocular pressure by enhanced outflow of aqueous humor, which is frequently implicated in situations of elevated intraocular pressure. Possible mechanisms for the mentioned enhanced aqueous outflow include extracellular matrix remodeling and matrix metalloproteinase modulation.
PHARMACOKINETICS:
Absorption: The isopropyl ester prodrug, latanoprost, is absorbed through the cornea and hydrolyzed to the acid form, which is when it becomes biologically active. According to research on humans, aqueous humor reaches its peak concentration approximately two hours after topical application.
Distribution: Latanoprost has a volume of distribution of 0.16±0.02 L/Kg.
Metabolism: Latanoprost is an isopropyl ester prodrug. Esterases hydrolyze the prodrug in the cornea to the biologically active acid. The liver metabolizes the latanoprost reaching the systemic circulation to the 1,2-dinor and 1,2,3,4-tetranor by fatty acid β-oxiadtion.
Excretion: The metabolites of latanoprost are mainly eliminated by the kidneys following hepatic beta-oxidation. Once topically applied, approximately 88% of the latanoprost dosage is excreted in urine.
PHARMACODYNAMICS:
Latanoprost effectively decreases intraocular pressure by increasing UV eoscleral outflow. A decrease in intraocular pressure has been measured within 3-4 hours post-administration, reaches a maximum reduction at 8-12 hours, and can be maintained for 24 hours. This drug may also cause other ocular effects including infrequent conjunctival hyperemia, pigmentation of periocular tissues, eyelash changes, hypertrichosis, and ocular irritation.
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION:
Latanoprost is available in the following dosage forms applied to the eye.
- 0.005% ophthalmic solution
- 0.005% preservative-free ophthalmic solution
- 0.005% ophthalmic emulsion
Latanoprost is administered as eye drops. Usually, one drop is administered to the afflicted eye in the evening. If latanoprost is combined with other topical eye treatments, allow at least 5 minutes between each.
DRUG INTERACTIONS:
Latanoprost may interact with prostaglandin ophthalmic medications such as bimatoprost, tafluprost, and travoprost.
CONTRAINDICATIONS:
Latanoprost is not recommended for patients with documented hypersensitivity to the medicine or its components, such as latanoprost, benzalkonium chloride, sodium chloride, monobasic sodium phosphate, or dibasic sodium phosphate.
SIDE EFFECTS:
Common side effects of latanoprost may include
• Changes in eye color
• Changes in the thickness,
• length or color of your eyelashes
• Darkening of the skin around the eyes
• Blurred vision
• Dry eyes
• Sensitivity to light
• Eye pain or irritation
• Trouble seeing
• Eye itching or redness
• Eye tearing or crusting
• Redness or swelling of your eyes
OVERDOSE:
An overdose of latanoprost is unlikely to result in serious patient outcomes; however, conjunctival or episcleral hyperemia may develop.
TOXICITY:
An unintentional dosage of latanoprost causes cystoid macular edema. This cleared within 4 weeks after 4 weeks of treatment with neparfenac 0.3% eye drops and oral acetazolamide.
STORAGE:
Keep out of children's reach. Refrigerate unopened bottles between 2 and 8 degrees Celsius (36 and 46 degrees Fahrenheit). After it is opened, the container can be kept for up to six weeks at room temperature, up to 25° C (77°F). Keep out of the light.
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