Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as a diuretic, antiglaucoma, and anticonvulsant agent, working by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase to reduce bicarbonate formation and decrease fluid secretion in the eyes, kidneys, and cerebrospinal fluid. This results in lowered intraocular pressure, mild diuresis, and modulation of neuronal excitability, and it is also used to prevent acute mountain sickness by affecting acid-base balance and respiration. Developed in the mid-20th century, acetazolamide was first introduced for glaucoma but later found applications in edema, epilepsy, and altitude sickness, becoming a versatile and well-established drug while requiring monitoring for electrolyte imbalances and other potential side effects.
