Renal and hepatic impairment refers to the reduced functional capacity of the kidneys and liver, respectively, which can significantly alter the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. Renal impairment decreases the elimination of drugs and their metabolites, potentially leading to drug accumulation and toxicity, while hepatic impairment reduces drug metabolism, plasma protein synthesis, and biliary excretion, affecting drug clearance and increasing systemic exposure. Therefore, patients with renal or hepatic dysfunction often require careful dose adjustment, therapeutic monitoring, and individualized treatment to ensure drug safety and efficacy.